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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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00006_Field_frep54.txt
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1996-12-30
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This view of a human brain
seen from the left and slightly
behind shows the cerebral
cortex and cerebellum. A small
part of the brainstem can be
seen just in front of the
cerebellum.
The brain is different. Even
today large parts of it are
question marks, not only in
terms of how they work but also
in terms of their biological
purpose. A huge, rich subject,
neuroanatomy consists largely
of a sort of geography of
structures, whose functions are
still a partial or complete
mystery. Our ignorance of these
regions is of course graded. For
example, we know a fair
amount about the region of
brain called the motor cortex
and have a rough idea of its
function: it subserves
voluntary movement; destroy it
on one side and the hand and
face and leg on the opposite side
become clumsy and weak. Our
knowledge of the motor cortex
lies midway along a continuum
of relative knowledge that
ranges all the way from utter
ignorance of the functions of
some brain structures to
incisive understanding of a
few--like the understanding we
have of the functions of a
computer, printing press,
internal combustion engine, or
anything else we invented
ourselves.
The visual pathway, in
particular the primary visual
cortex, or striate cortex, lies
near the bone or heart end of
this continuum. The visual
cortex is perhaps the best-
understood part of the brain
today and is certainly the best-
known part of the cerebral
cortex. We know reasonably
well what it is "for", which is
to say that we know what its
nerve cells are doing most of
the time in a person's everyday
life and roughly what it
contributes to the analysis of
the visual information. This
state of knowledge is quite
recent, and I can well
remember, in the 1950s,
looking at a microscopic slide of
visual cortex, showing the
millions of cells packed like
eggs in a crate, and wondering
what they all could conceivably
be doing, and whether one
would ever be able to find out.
How should we set about
finding out? Our first thought
might be that a detailed
understanding of the
connections, from the eye to
the brain and within the brain,
should be enough to allow us to
deduce how it works.
Unfortunately, that is only true
to a limited extent. The regions
of cortex at the back of the
human brain were long known
to be important for vision partly
because around the turn of the
century the eyes were
discovered to make
connections, through an
intermediate way station, to
this part of the brain. But to
deduce from the structure alone
what the cells in the visual
cortex are doing when an
animal or person looks at the
sky or a tree would require a
knowledge of anatomy far
exceeding what we possess even
now. And we would have trouble
even if we did have a complete
circuit diagram, just as we
would if we tried to understand
a computer or radar set from
their circuit diagrams alone--
especially if we did not know
what the computer or radar set
was for.